Types Of Energy - List

As an example of the gravitational potential energy, take an apple (say a 0.1019716Kg (101.9716g) apple), exert a force (pushing or pulling) i.e. do some work on the apple with your hand, by lifting it to a height above the ground of say one metre (one metre is about the breadth of a door frame, or the length from hip to floor of an average sized adult human).
Say the Gravitational Potential Energy of the apple on the ground was zero, additional Gravitational Potential Energy is now concentrated in the apple. The force of gravity is pushing the apple toward the ground, but the apple cannot move because your hand is exerting an equal force on it in the opposite direction.
The apple is not moving. The hand nor anything is converting energy. Nothing is happening; therefore, it is potential energy.
How much potential energy, in Joules?
Gravitational potential energy = ((Mass (in Kg) x force of gravity (in m/s^2) x Height (in m)) = ((.1019716kg x 9.81 m/s^2) x 1m)=1 Joule in this example.
As a note gravity at the equator is 9.780 and at the poles 9.832 so we use an average of 9.80665 or 9.81 in the calculations.

If an apple is let fall from a height then the potential energy held in the apple will change into other forms of energy, such as Kinetic energy.
An apple held at height has zero Kinetic energy whilst is being held, then, increasing Kinetic energy as it is released. Potential energy is being converted into Kinetic energy until the apple hits the ground where all the potential energy has then been converted to Kinetic energy.
The calculation for Kinetic energy is (1/2 x Mass (in kg) * (Velocity (Speed) of object^2 in M per second)). For the above then (1/2 * 0.1019716 * 0=0 Kinetic energy at start, and (1/2 x .1019716 * (4.43*4.43) =1 Joule at the end of its fall.
Note the velocity is worked out as (sqrt(square root of) (2xg(gravity) x h(height)))=sqrt(2x9.81x1)=4.43M per second.

Thermal potential energy is the energy that comes from the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance. When the atoms and molecules start moving due to heat and temperature they are said to have heat or thermal kinetic energy. Water (which has thermal potential energy), when heated, converts to thermal kinetic energy.
When the apple in the above example is dropped, on hitting the floor, the friction caused by hitting the floor and its change in shape will result in the some its kinetic energy converting to thermal energy, anyone for an Apple pie?

Elastic potential energy is based on ability to bounce or stretch.
When an archer pulls a bow, say to shoot an apple on a head, before taking aim, the pulled string has elastic potential energy that is released once the arrow is out of the bow.
Similar to Gravitational potential energy above where we were putting the potential energy into the apple, with elastic potential energy we are putting the energy into the bow here.
In the example of a falling apple, on hitting the floor some of its kinetic energy will be converted to elastic potential energy as it changes shape quickly and prepares itself to bounce. As it also had energy converted to some of the other forms above such as heat energy, it is very unlikely to bounce back to the same height.
Elastic potential energy (In joules) is measured as (1/2 * spring constant (in Newtons per metre) * extension (in meters) squared).

Chemical potential energy is the stored chemical bonds of the atoms and molecules of a substance.
When you charge a battery, the battery ends up storing the chemical potential energy, which can be later converted to electrical energy.(You could say, chemical potential energy, is another name for electrial potential energy)
The energy (measured in "Joules") stored in a 9 V, .6 Ah (600 mAh) battery is 9x.6= 5.4 "Volt-Amp-hours" or Watt - hours. Where a Volt-Amp-hour (Wh) is 3600 Joules (J). So the standard 9V battery has stored 19,800 Joules of energy.
Biomass, petroleum, natural gas, coal and even food are other examples of chemical potential energy.
Chemical potential energy is for example converted to thermal kinetic energy when people burn wood in a fireplace.
In a 100g apple there might be chemical potential energy of 52 calories (calories are the measurement of food energy) to convert that to joules we multiply by 4184 = 217568 joules of chemical energy.

Rest energy is the inherent original energy of a body at rest and is determined to be mc2 i.e. the mass of it in kilograms multiplied by the speed of light (3.00 × 10^8 m/s).
Thus, each body of rest mass m possesses mc2 of rest energy (E), which potentially is available for conversion to other forms of energy.
Energy cannot be created, only converted from one form to another, this implies that, if energy is released from the body as a result of such a conversion, then the rest mass of the body will decrease.
Such a conversion of rest energy to other forms of energy occurs for example in ordinary chemical reactions, and much larger conversions occur in nuclear reactions.
This equation a=mc2 shows that energy can be converted into mass and vice versa. Keep in mind c2 is a big number. The speed of light is roughly 300000000, which makes c2 90000000000000000. So to convert a small amount of mass — say 1 cubic centimetre of water, which is 1 gram into energy, divide by 1,000 to make sure you are using kilograms, and multiply by c2. This will give you 90 million million joules of energy, which is equivalent to 25 million kilowatt hours. That's enough electricity for the US household consumption for over 2,000 years.

The gravitational binding energy of an object, is the energy required to expand the material to infinity.

Bond energy and bond-dissociation energy are measures of the binding energy between the atoms in a chemical bond. It is the energy required to disassemble a molecule into its constituent atoms. This energy appears as chemical energy, such as that released in chemical explosions, the burning of chemical fuel and biological processes.

Electron binding energy is the minimum energy that is required to remove an electron from an atom, negatively charged electrons are held in place by the electrostatic pull of the positively charged nucleus.
The electron binding energy is measured in electron volt (eV), where 1 eV is equivalent to the charge of the electron in Coulombs, i.e. ~1.6 x 10^19 J.
Different atoms have different total binding energies depending on their position in the periodic table and how their electron shells are constructed. The simplest elements have binding energies of 13.6 eV and 24.6 eV respectively for Hydrogen and Helium.
An electron can only be removed from an atom if the applied energy is greater than its electron binding energy.
When an inner-shell electron is ejected by force, the vacancy will be filled by an electron from an outer shell. The excess energy from the shift is emitted as electromagnetic radiation, i.e. with a photon.
There are several types of binding energy each operating over a different distance. The smaller the size of the bound system the higher its associated binding energy.

The atomic binding energy of the atom is the energy required to disassemble an atom into free electrons and a nucleus.It is the sum of the ionization energies of all the electrons belonging to a specific atom.

Nuclear potential energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom, the energy that holds the nucleus together. The nucleus is the positively charged centre of an atom and contains most of its mass.
It is composed of protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge.
Large amounts of energy can be released (Nuclear kinetic energy) when nuclei are combined (Nuclear fusion) or split apart (Nuclear fission).
As an example, Stars like the Sun shine from the energy released from the rest energy of hydrogen atoms that are fused in the core to form helium. Interestingly, in nuclear fusion reactions that transform hydrogen to helium, 0.7 percent of the original rest energy of the hydrogen is converted to other forms of energy.

Quantum chromodynamics binding energy addresses the mass and kinetic energy of the parts that bind the various quarks together inside a hadron (Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the binding energy of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force). The energy derives from the strong interaction, which is mediated by gluons through virtual gluons and sea quarks.

Magnetic fields arise from both naturally occurring permanent magnets and magnets created from electric charges in motion.
With magnets opposite poles attract, like poles repel.
Magnetized objects with like poles when moved toward each other increase their magnetic potential energy.
Magnetized objects with opposite poles when moved toward each other reduce their magnetic potential energy.
Potential energy is the ability of an object to do work because of its position.
The energy of an object that can do work because of its position in a magnetic field is called magnetic potential energy.
An electromagnetic wave consists of an electric field and a magnetic field, which are both oscillating back and forth. There is a relationship between an electric and magnetic field, in that a change in one produces a change in the other.
Changing electric fields generate magnetic fields and changing magnetic fields generate electric fields.
Both electric and magnetic fields are the consequence of the attraction and repulsion of electric charges. However, a magnetic effect is caused by moving electric charges while an electric field is present still with stationary charges.

The field forces around moving charged particles are called magnetic fields. When a charged particle or object is moved a distance against the force of this field, its magnetic potential increases or decreases accordingly

An object that possesses mechanical energy is able to do work and any object that possesses mechanical energy whether it is in the form of potential energy or kinetic energy is able to do work. That is, its mechanical energy enables that object to apply a force to another object in order to cause it to be displaced.
The amount of mechanical energy is equal to the amount of potential energy plus the amount of kinetic energy in the system.
In the falling apple example above the gravitational potential energy there will be 1 joule of mechanical energy in the apple whether suspended, falling, or at the base of its fall. When the apple is falling, it is gaining speed and is therefore gaining kinetic energy and at the same time loosing potential energy but the mechanical energy remains constant at one joule.

If you take two electric charges, they will want to interact (like charges will want to repel, opposite charges attract). The electric potential energy is a measure of this interaction. Most things are made of electric charges (protons and electrons), so many the other energy types are related to this.
The chargeable battery creates and stores electrical potential energy by spreading opposite charges at one end of the battery (cathode for the negative charges), and the other (anode for the positive charges), when the electrons move from the cathode to the anode via a wire electrical work is performed. Some of that electrical work will be turned into thermal energy and this is exactly how electric fires work.

Technically a force, it quantifies the amount of force between two stationary, electrically charged particles. The electric force between charged bodies at rest is conventionally called electrostatic force or Coulomb force.
The energy released in a static electricity discharge may varies over a wide rage. The energy in joules can be calculated from the capacitance (C) of the object and the static potential V in volts (V) by the formula E = 1/2CV2.

Radiant energy includes both visible waves such as light, and invisible waves such as x-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves. Electromagnetic waves make up radiant energy, sunshine is radiant energy, the electromagnetic waves make the molecules of our skin move faster, which, in turn, create kinetic energy.
Electromagnetic waves are associated with electric and magnetic fields resulting from the acceleration of an electric charge.
The microwave is an example of radiant energy, it heats/cooks food using this energy form.

Sound energy is a type of mechanical energy that starts with a vibration, it is the energy produced by a force causing an object or substance to vibrate, it is like heat.
The energy transfers through the substance in a longitudinal wave, which is alternating compression and rarefaction (expansion) of the atoms or air molecules emanating from where the vibration originated.
You will not hear sound from a vacuum as there are not atoms in a vacuum to vibrate.
Typically, the energy generated for sound is smaller than in other forms of energy so rather than measuring sound in typical units of energy, such as joules, we tend to measure it in terms of pressure and intensity using units such as Decibel. Sound measurements are relative to other sounds that cause more or less pressure.
The average human shout is at about eighty decibels, which carries along with it about .001 watts of energy, a chainsaw is about 120 decibels, the intensity of the sound energy is usually measured using the perception of a normal hearing person, our hearing can perceive energies from 0.000000000001 joules up to ten joules.
When you shout you are converting your chemical potential energy to sound energy.
When someone drops and apple, as in the example above, on hitting the floor, the sound caused by hitting the floor, will result in a small thud and therefore an amount of its potential energy converting into sound energy.